Tithing and Spanking Children:
How These Teachings Are Similar
We are today in difficult economic times. Today, more than ever, Christians really need to understand the truths of the Bible.
This is so important today as we seek God's face in these very uncertain times. God is certainly calling us to trust Him. He is also calling on us to study His Scripture to know what the truth of any subject is.
This is especially important today where we have many voices calling for Christians to put their families second and continue to give money to churches.
Some pastors are even calling people who have lost their jobs to continue tithing. One can easily find examples of this nonsense online.
Suggesting to a Christian person that after they have lost their job to continue to give money to their church or to any Christian ministry is a false teaching.
Under no circumstance should you or anyone feel obligated to give money to anyone after you have lost your job. Don't listen to these smooth talking false teachers. What they are telling you are lies!
But Tithing is Just So Clearly and Plainly Taught in Scripture?
Right?
No!
WRONG!
This is where a thorough study of this matter is needed because like so many Biblical teachings like those who are aware of my work dealing with corporal punishment (spanking children) through my free ebook "Thy Rod and Thy Staff, They Comfort Me: Christians and the Spanking Controversy" - get it here free as a ebook - https://www.biblechild.com/assets/thy-rod-and-thy-staff-they-comfort-me-mar-2013.pdf - Many of the teachings we were raised with concerning spanking children when we look deeper at them, we find many of them are mirages.
These teachings just seem so clear and plain as the nose on your face, but as I said, when you dig deeper into them, you find that what you thought about this subject is so far away from the truth that it is surprising to so many. It also feel great to be able to learn new truths, especially truths that help bring peace into your home and into our world.
This is what I have tried to do with this free ebook on spanking children.
Don't take my word for it. Please read the reviews on Amazon, where you can also get this book in hard copy if you wish.
What is important to understand about spanking children is that many of the things we have been taught about spanking, which were wrong, we seemingly clearly taught in the Bible. The same thing is the case for the teaching of Tithing. Yes, you heard me right. Tithing is a false teaching. If you don't think so, please read on.
The Truth About Tithing is Needed, but Many Ministers Will Never Consider For One Minute That They Could Be Wrong!
Make no mistake about it. A Bible teacher or minister who teaches tithing is almost never under any circumstance going to be willing to entertain any new idea about this teaching! Ever!
Many ministers arrogantly demand Christians tithe even if they are losing or have lost their jobs.
Of course, they conveniently forget that the Lord took the tenth animal that passed under the rod, after nine animals passed which belonged to the owner of the flock. God took the tenth animal, not the first. (Leviticus 27:32)
We need some solid Bible teaching in these days not only to understand the Bible and its teachings about spanking children, but also about tithing, because as I said earlier, these teachings are similarly misunderstood.
So, I am humbled to have you reading this website because I am making available to you free without any charge a full appendix from my new book dealing with the subject of spanking children and the teaching found in Hebrews 12:5-11.
This new book is available on Amazon and can be purchased here.
This new book is the second in the series of books helping Christians better understand the teaching of corporal punishment in the Bible (spanking children).
This book, because it deals with the book of Hebrews, also has a section in it dealing with the subejct of tithing, because as I said earlier, tithing like spanking children, is quite similarly misunderstood by Christians.
Here is the appendix I from the above mentioned book . I pray it blesses you.
My personal experience with tithing and
further linkages to the issue of corporal
punishment/spanking/smacking
First of all, I can state unequivocally that I do not tithe and I don’t believe that tithing is binding on Christians at all. I happen to take this matter very seriously and even personally because I have seen and learned firsthand the damage and rotten spiritual fruit that this false teaching of tithing has yielded in the lives of 1,000s of God-fearing Christian people. The teaching of tithing as presented today is false. There are far too many Christian pastors today who would do a lot better as leaders if they followed the example of Jesus, who was a poor man who walked around Israel in
poverty, to heart.
Tithing, as you can tell, is no small issue with me. It was no small issue also with my late father, so much so that he wrote several books about the subject of tithing. His work on tithing began as a pamphlet of some 40+ pages called, “The Tithing Fallacy.” That little pamphlet had a wonderful impact. It was reprinted many times reaching more than 100,000 copies in print. Later, this pamphlet was revised and a new more updated longer version in book form came into being called, “The Tithing Dilemma.”
My late father had a very specific reason for writing those books on tithing. This was because in 1974, he voluntarily left a former association he had with the Worldwide Church of God, where he held senior executive and ministerial roles, which taught one of the more aggressive tithing doctrines of any church I have ever encountered. They also taught one of the most aggressive forms of corporal punishment/spanking/smacking that I have encountered in my 25+ years of studying this issue. The Worldwide Church of God was a fairly large Sabbath keeping denomination which held to a Christian belief which included some elements of Judaism. Those elements included keeping the Jewish festivals (opposed to Christmas and Easter), not eating certain foods based on Jewish law and definitely keeping the Sabbath. This church practiced an aggressive form of tithing which included false teachings associated with second and third tithes, which are mentioned in the Bible, however, the leaders of the World Wide Church of God twisted these teachings around and used them to aggressively raise money from their church members. Church members often lived in poverty to adhere to these false teachings. In addition to tithing, the church had an aggressive form of soliciting
offerings on top of tithes, so many people in the church were further impoverished due to these teachings. To add insult to injury, the main leader of the church was one of the first televangelists to have his own private Learjet and flew around the world in luxury meeting political leaders.
In response to his negative experience in the church, my late father took it upon himself after leaving the denomination to begin to publish openly on a variety of Biblical subjects and tithing was one of the first subjects he addressed due to the urgency surrounding this issue. It is important also to remember that in 1974, the USA was facing very serious economic problems and many of the people he knew were suffering and were hurt by the aggressive teaching of tithing being promoted by the Worldwide Church of God at that time. These are the main points that my late father raised on tithing which are still as relevant as when they were first brought out in 1974.
I urge anyone interested in this subject to follow up on this issue through the following link. (http://www.askelm.com/tithing/index.asp) The main findings of the book can be summarized as follows:
1. Jewish people today do not tithe as mentioned in the Bible to finance their religious activities.
2. Tithing was only applicable generally speaking to the Land of Israel. Tithing Only For the Land of Israel - Another factor that has often been overlooked concerning the biblical tithing system is the fact that it only applied to those Israelites who lived in Israel.
"And all the tithe of the land, whether of the seed of the land, or of the fruit of the tree, is the Lord’s: it is holy unto the Lord." Leviticus 27:30 Notice a major point about this tithing instruction. It said "All the tithe of the land ... is the Lord’s." This Hebrew word rendered "land" is aretz. At times the word can mean the earth (Genesis 1:1). At other times it is used with regard to a specific land or country (Exodus 3:8, 17). Many times the term, as used in Leviticus 27:30, refers specifically to the land of Israel in Palestine. See Leviticus 19:23; 20:2; 25:10, 18; 26:32, and so forth. As the Gentile nations were not given tithing laws and Levites were not instructed to go to the Gentiles and take tithe from them, the term "the land" in Leviticus 27:30 really refers to the land of Israel.
George Foot Moore, in his work on Judaism (one of the recognized authorities on Jewish religion in the time of Christ) had the following to say about the law of the tithe in Leviticus 27: "All of these applied in the letter of the law only to the land of Israel, however, at any time its boundaries might be defined" (Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era, vol. II, p.71). Moore went on to point out that the land of Babylon was finally accepted as part of the land of Israel—a "tithable" land—because so many Jews were resident in the area. Egypt was finally accepted as a tithable land. In the earlier time of Joseph, however, Egypt but this was only because there was such a huge population of Jews living in that region. Some other lands like Babylonia later became “tithable”,
3. Tithing never concerned giving 10% of your income, but was focused on agricultural products and the increase in herds of animals.
4. Only the owners of farms who produced products of agriculture or animal husbandry paid tithes.
5. Numerous other industries (like fishing and mining) are mentioned in the Bible, but tithing was never associated with these.
6. Tithes were only permitted to be given to the Levitical priesthood and to give them to anyone else would have been a sin.
7. It was the tenth animal that passed under the rod which was the tithed animal. In theory, a person could own nine prized animals did not pay tithe as shown by the one-fifth produce which was paid to Pharaoh and the four-fifths that went to the people. The lands east of Jordan came to be acknowledged as tithable: Ammon, Moab and Syria—at least the parts of those lands that David conquered and where many Jews came to live. Other Gentile lands, on the other hand, such as Asia Minor, Greece or Italy were not allowed as lands which could produce tithe. The produce of those lands was considered as be-ing impure and not holy enough to support the Levitical priesthood in its function at the holy Temple. As Edersheim records, even the very dust of heathen lands was reckoned as defiled (Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, vol. I, p.9). This is why tithe was not acceptable from them.
At any rate, the strict reading of the law demanded that the tithe come only from the land of Israel—which was later interpreted to include those areas east and north of Palestine and Egypt where the populations were predominantly Jewish. All other areas were proscribed. This fact about tithing may be surprising to many Christians, but this is an actual fact that is revealed in the Law of God. Many preachers and evangelists know these facts, but they fail to tell the laity about them simply because they believe the people would not fund their churches if they were privy to these facts. But it is time for all people to know the truth of the biblical revelation. To be guided strictly by the statements of biblical law, it would be improper to pay tithe on products from the United States, Britain, or other Gentile lands. (Ernest L. Martin – The Tithing Dilemma, ASK Publications: Portland: Oregon, 2002) and not be required to tithe because God took the tenth animal, not the first out of ten.
8. It is a very false and evil teaching to say that Christian pastors now have taken over the role of the Levitical Priesthood and are now eligible to accept the tithe and that churches have now taken the place of the Temple in Jerusalem as the only legitimate site in ancient times where tithes were to be designated.
9. It is also totally false to replace the ideas of “you are cursed with a curse,” “the tithe”, “robbing God” and “the storehouse” found in Malachi 3:
“Will man rob God? Yet you are robbing me. But you say, ‘How have we robbed you?’ In your tithes and contributions. You are cursed with a curse, for you are robbing me, the whole nation of you. Bring the full tithe into the storehouse, that there may be food in my house. And thereby put me to the test, says the Lord of hosts, if I will not open the windows of heaven for you and pour down for you a blessing until there is no more need.” (Malachi 3:8-10 ESV)
with the income of modern Christians, ministers working in church buildings and the need to support modern churches today. This is another one of those supposed “clear and plain Biblical teachings” like corporal punishment/spanking/smacking which when researched further we find that it represents a serious error in what Christians are required to do relative to supporting Christ’s work on earth at this time. What is very interesting about the New Testament references to tithing is that you only find a few mentions in the Gospels with Jesus speaking to His people while He was in Israel and among the Israelites and you only find a brief mention of the teaching again in Hebrews 7. There is no other reference in any of Paul’s writings nor those of any of the other apostles to tithing. Tithing never appears in the nine letters to the seven churches (Romans to Thessalonians). There is a reason for this. It is because tithing had no relevance to Gentile Christians in the past nor does it have any relevance today. Of course, it was still binding on Jewish Christians who were observing the Law of Moses and for those who still lived in the Land of Israel while the Temple was still in existence. This does not mean that worthy Christian activities should not be supported generously, but not with the Biblical tithe because tithing is a teaching linked only to the economy of the Holy Temple and the land of Israel.
Unfortunately, most of the advocates of tithing will never point any of these issues out. They will just wrongly focus in on Malachi 3 and home in on Jesus’ teachings where He mentioned tithing and St. Paul’s references in Hebrews 7. More unfortunately they never mention that these teachings were directed to believers in Judaism and those Jewish Christians who remained observant in the Law of Moses, retained circumcision, wore phylacteries, kept the Sabbath and Holy Days, clean food laws, physical purity laws and all of the 613 Laws of Moses in the land of Israel.
In conclusion, tithing is a teaching just for the Land of Israel and is focused on the Temple system. Any other interpretation about tithing is, in my view, a false teaching of man and is not relevant for Christians today. It is essential that Christians today free themselves from these false teachings which seek to extract a few scriptures from the book of Hebrews in particular out of context which are used to enslave people in a type of imprisonment theology which includes corporal punishment. What these evidences point to is strongly supplementing an already very strong case presented in the previous quotes showing to whom the book of Hebrews was written. We assert here that it was written to Jewish believers in our Lord Jesus focusing on Jerusalem and the country surrounding that city.
Further links between tithing and corporal punishment/spanking/smacking
One might find it hard on the surface that there is a connection between the subjects of Tithing and that of Corporal Punishment/Spanking/ Smacking, but there is definitely a connection between these two subjects.The connection is found due to the fact that, unfortunately, today many Christian pastors use the same mistaken methodology to say that tithing and corporal punishment/spanking/smacking are relevant today.
These errors start in the Hebrew Bible (the Old Testament) in both cases. For tithing, the teaching begins for Christians today not in the New Testament, but in the book of Malachi. For corporal punishment/spanking/smacking, we can say exactly the same thing, but instead of the book of Malachi, the teaching begins in the book of Proverbs.
In both cases, the texts in Proverbs around corporal punishment/spanking/smacking are misinterpreted as are those texts in the book of Malachi surrounding tithing.
I would urge anyone interested for further study on these important subjects to refer first to my first book on corporal punishment/spanking/smacking referenced earlier in this book and available for free on my website (www.biblechild.com) as well as the links to my late father’s work on tithing given earlier.
The following chart can give us some further information on this subject:
When we review the above chart, we can see some similarities in how these two doctrines have been constructed and on what bases. They both rely heavily on Old Testament texts, which are adapted in some ways attempting to demonstrate the universality of these principles and are then supplemented with additional references in the New Testament. However, the important things to notice are that in both cases, the teachings rely on the book of Hebrews and more importantly, there are NO references to these teachings in any of the nine letters sent to the seven churches of St. Paul, which represent the teachings given to those believers in Jesus who came to faith outside of a stream dominated by the principles of the Hebrew Bible. When we study these two matters more carefully, we find they are both constructed doctrinally in the same mistaken way and are both misapplied today to Christian believers.
-END OF APPENDIX ONE
-Samuel Martin
Website: www.biblechild.com
Twitter: @byblechyld
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/byblechyld/
First of all, I can state unequivocally that I do not tithe and I don’t believe that tithing is binding on Christians at all. I happen to take this matter very seriously and even personally because I have seen and learned firsthand the damage and rotten spiritual fruit that this false teaching of tithing has yielded in the lives of 1,000s of God-fearing Christian people. The teaching of tithing as presented today is false. There are far too many Christian pastors today who would do a lot better as leaders if they followed the example of Jesus, who was a poor man who walked around Israel in
poverty, to heart.
Tithing, as you can tell, is no small issue with me. It was no small issue also with my late father, so much so that he wrote several books about the subject of tithing. His work on tithing began as a pamphlet of some 40+ pages called, “The Tithing Fallacy.” That little pamphlet had a wonderful impact. It was reprinted many times reaching more than 100,000 copies in print. Later, this pamphlet was revised and a new more updated longer version in book form came into being called, “The Tithing Dilemma.”
My late father had a very specific reason for writing those books on tithing. This was because in 1974, he voluntarily left a former association he had with the Worldwide Church of God, where he held senior executive and ministerial roles, which taught one of the more aggressive tithing doctrines of any church I have ever encountered. They also taught one of the most aggressive forms of corporal punishment/spanking/smacking that I have encountered in my 25+ years of studying this issue. The Worldwide Church of God was a fairly large Sabbath keeping denomination which held to a Christian belief which included some elements of Judaism. Those elements included keeping the Jewish festivals (opposed to Christmas and Easter), not eating certain foods based on Jewish law and definitely keeping the Sabbath. This church practiced an aggressive form of tithing which included false teachings associated with second and third tithes, which are mentioned in the Bible, however, the leaders of the World Wide Church of God twisted these teachings around and used them to aggressively raise money from their church members. Church members often lived in poverty to adhere to these false teachings. In addition to tithing, the church had an aggressive form of soliciting
offerings on top of tithes, so many people in the church were further impoverished due to these teachings. To add insult to injury, the main leader of the church was one of the first televangelists to have his own private Learjet and flew around the world in luxury meeting political leaders.
In response to his negative experience in the church, my late father took it upon himself after leaving the denomination to begin to publish openly on a variety of Biblical subjects and tithing was one of the first subjects he addressed due to the urgency surrounding this issue. It is important also to remember that in 1974, the USA was facing very serious economic problems and many of the people he knew were suffering and were hurt by the aggressive teaching of tithing being promoted by the Worldwide Church of God at that time. These are the main points that my late father raised on tithing which are still as relevant as when they were first brought out in 1974.
I urge anyone interested in this subject to follow up on this issue through the following link. (http://www.askelm.com/tithing/index.asp) The main findings of the book can be summarized as follows:
1. Jewish people today do not tithe as mentioned in the Bible to finance their religious activities.
2. Tithing was only applicable generally speaking to the Land of Israel. Tithing Only For the Land of Israel - Another factor that has often been overlooked concerning the biblical tithing system is the fact that it only applied to those Israelites who lived in Israel.
"And all the tithe of the land, whether of the seed of the land, or of the fruit of the tree, is the Lord’s: it is holy unto the Lord." Leviticus 27:30 Notice a major point about this tithing instruction. It said "All the tithe of the land ... is the Lord’s." This Hebrew word rendered "land" is aretz. At times the word can mean the earth (Genesis 1:1). At other times it is used with regard to a specific land or country (Exodus 3:8, 17). Many times the term, as used in Leviticus 27:30, refers specifically to the land of Israel in Palestine. See Leviticus 19:23; 20:2; 25:10, 18; 26:32, and so forth. As the Gentile nations were not given tithing laws and Levites were not instructed to go to the Gentiles and take tithe from them, the term "the land" in Leviticus 27:30 really refers to the land of Israel.
George Foot Moore, in his work on Judaism (one of the recognized authorities on Jewish religion in the time of Christ) had the following to say about the law of the tithe in Leviticus 27: "All of these applied in the letter of the law only to the land of Israel, however, at any time its boundaries might be defined" (Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era, vol. II, p.71). Moore went on to point out that the land of Babylon was finally accepted as part of the land of Israel—a "tithable" land—because so many Jews were resident in the area. Egypt was finally accepted as a tithable land. In the earlier time of Joseph, however, Egypt but this was only because there was such a huge population of Jews living in that region. Some other lands like Babylonia later became “tithable”,
3. Tithing never concerned giving 10% of your income, but was focused on agricultural products and the increase in herds of animals.
4. Only the owners of farms who produced products of agriculture or animal husbandry paid tithes.
5. Numerous other industries (like fishing and mining) are mentioned in the Bible, but tithing was never associated with these.
6. Tithes were only permitted to be given to the Levitical priesthood and to give them to anyone else would have been a sin.
7. It was the tenth animal that passed under the rod which was the tithed animal. In theory, a person could own nine prized animals did not pay tithe as shown by the one-fifth produce which was paid to Pharaoh and the four-fifths that went to the people. The lands east of Jordan came to be acknowledged as tithable: Ammon, Moab and Syria—at least the parts of those lands that David conquered and where many Jews came to live. Other Gentile lands, on the other hand, such as Asia Minor, Greece or Italy were not allowed as lands which could produce tithe. The produce of those lands was considered as be-ing impure and not holy enough to support the Levitical priesthood in its function at the holy Temple. As Edersheim records, even the very dust of heathen lands was reckoned as defiled (Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, vol. I, p.9). This is why tithe was not acceptable from them.
At any rate, the strict reading of the law demanded that the tithe come only from the land of Israel—which was later interpreted to include those areas east and north of Palestine and Egypt where the populations were predominantly Jewish. All other areas were proscribed. This fact about tithing may be surprising to many Christians, but this is an actual fact that is revealed in the Law of God. Many preachers and evangelists know these facts, but they fail to tell the laity about them simply because they believe the people would not fund their churches if they were privy to these facts. But it is time for all people to know the truth of the biblical revelation. To be guided strictly by the statements of biblical law, it would be improper to pay tithe on products from the United States, Britain, or other Gentile lands. (Ernest L. Martin – The Tithing Dilemma, ASK Publications: Portland: Oregon, 2002) and not be required to tithe because God took the tenth animal, not the first out of ten.
8. It is a very false and evil teaching to say that Christian pastors now have taken over the role of the Levitical Priesthood and are now eligible to accept the tithe and that churches have now taken the place of the Temple in Jerusalem as the only legitimate site in ancient times where tithes were to be designated.
9. It is also totally false to replace the ideas of “you are cursed with a curse,” “the tithe”, “robbing God” and “the storehouse” found in Malachi 3:
“Will man rob God? Yet you are robbing me. But you say, ‘How have we robbed you?’ In your tithes and contributions. You are cursed with a curse, for you are robbing me, the whole nation of you. Bring the full tithe into the storehouse, that there may be food in my house. And thereby put me to the test, says the Lord of hosts, if I will not open the windows of heaven for you and pour down for you a blessing until there is no more need.” (Malachi 3:8-10 ESV)
with the income of modern Christians, ministers working in church buildings and the need to support modern churches today. This is another one of those supposed “clear and plain Biblical teachings” like corporal punishment/spanking/smacking which when researched further we find that it represents a serious error in what Christians are required to do relative to supporting Christ’s work on earth at this time. What is very interesting about the New Testament references to tithing is that you only find a few mentions in the Gospels with Jesus speaking to His people while He was in Israel and among the Israelites and you only find a brief mention of the teaching again in Hebrews 7. There is no other reference in any of Paul’s writings nor those of any of the other apostles to tithing. Tithing never appears in the nine letters to the seven churches (Romans to Thessalonians). There is a reason for this. It is because tithing had no relevance to Gentile Christians in the past nor does it have any relevance today. Of course, it was still binding on Jewish Christians who were observing the Law of Moses and for those who still lived in the Land of Israel while the Temple was still in existence. This does not mean that worthy Christian activities should not be supported generously, but not with the Biblical tithe because tithing is a teaching linked only to the economy of the Holy Temple and the land of Israel.
Unfortunately, most of the advocates of tithing will never point any of these issues out. They will just wrongly focus in on Malachi 3 and home in on Jesus’ teachings where He mentioned tithing and St. Paul’s references in Hebrews 7. More unfortunately they never mention that these teachings were directed to believers in Judaism and those Jewish Christians who remained observant in the Law of Moses, retained circumcision, wore phylacteries, kept the Sabbath and Holy Days, clean food laws, physical purity laws and all of the 613 Laws of Moses in the land of Israel.
In conclusion, tithing is a teaching just for the Land of Israel and is focused on the Temple system. Any other interpretation about tithing is, in my view, a false teaching of man and is not relevant for Christians today. It is essential that Christians today free themselves from these false teachings which seek to extract a few scriptures from the book of Hebrews in particular out of context which are used to enslave people in a type of imprisonment theology which includes corporal punishment. What these evidences point to is strongly supplementing an already very strong case presented in the previous quotes showing to whom the book of Hebrews was written. We assert here that it was written to Jewish believers in our Lord Jesus focusing on Jerusalem and the country surrounding that city.
Further links between tithing and corporal punishment/spanking/smacking
One might find it hard on the surface that there is a connection between the subjects of Tithing and that of Corporal Punishment/Spanking/ Smacking, but there is definitely a connection between these two subjects.The connection is found due to the fact that, unfortunately, today many Christian pastors use the same mistaken methodology to say that tithing and corporal punishment/spanking/smacking are relevant today.
These errors start in the Hebrew Bible (the Old Testament) in both cases. For tithing, the teaching begins for Christians today not in the New Testament, but in the book of Malachi. For corporal punishment/spanking/smacking, we can say exactly the same thing, but instead of the book of Malachi, the teaching begins in the book of Proverbs.
In both cases, the texts in Proverbs around corporal punishment/spanking/smacking are misinterpreted as are those texts in the book of Malachi surrounding tithing.
I would urge anyone interested for further study on these important subjects to refer first to my first book on corporal punishment/spanking/smacking referenced earlier in this book and available for free on my website (www.biblechild.com) as well as the links to my late father’s work on tithing given earlier.
The following chart can give us some further information on this subject:
When we review the above chart, we can see some similarities in how these two doctrines have been constructed and on what bases. They both rely heavily on Old Testament texts, which are adapted in some ways attempting to demonstrate the universality of these principles and are then supplemented with additional references in the New Testament. However, the important things to notice are that in both cases, the teachings rely on the book of Hebrews and more importantly, there are NO references to these teachings in any of the nine letters sent to the seven churches of St. Paul, which represent the teachings given to those believers in Jesus who came to faith outside of a stream dominated by the principles of the Hebrew Bible. When we study these two matters more carefully, we find they are both constructed doctrinally in the same mistaken way and are both misapplied today to Christian believers.
-END OF APPENDIX ONE
-Samuel Martin
Website: www.biblechild.com
Twitter: @byblechyld
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/byblechyld/
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